US – NIST Releases Biometric Data Specifications

The National Institute of Standards and Technology has released long-awaited biometric data specifications for secure federal identity cards. Agencies must begin issuing the secure cards to employees and contractors by Oct. 27, 2006. The specifications NIST released this week include an interoperable standard for storing fingerprint minutiae, or data extracted from fingerprint images. Fingerprint-matching equipment must be interoperable with fingerprint minutiae stored on the new cards. Traditional fingerprint images will still be required during the registration process that employees and contractors must undergo before they receive the new identity credentials. [Source]

YK – Privacy Commissioner Calls on Yukon Government to Act

The Yukon’s ombudsman and information and privacy commissioner says the government needs to take his recommendations seriously. Hank Moorlag submitted his 2005 Access to Information and Protection

of Privacy report to the government this week. His report last year said there was a trend within government towards secrecy. He also recommended the creation of an access to information and protection of privacy manual for government employees, training for ATIPP co-ordinators and a review of the Act. Moorlag is still waiting for a reply from the Yukon Party government. “Well, I didn’t get a response to the suggestions and recommendations I made in the report last year and I expected to have one,” he says. “You know, that the recommendations would be acknowledged and there would be some thought given to implementing them. I didn’t hear that so I’m making that comment again.” Moorlag includes examples in his report of how other jurisdictions have responded to recommendations from their privacy commissioners. [Source]

MB – Proposed Law Forces Companies to Report Information Leaks

Manitoba’s opposition Conservatives have introduced a private member’s bill to require companies who lose control of personal information to alert data subjects. Currently, a company is under no legal obligation to let a person know if their personal information has been lost, stolen or otherwise compromised. The Manitoba provincial government says it wants to plug the hole, but Finance Minister Greg Selinger says it’s up to the federal government to take action, saying “the better solution, in our view, is to have the federal legislation (PIPEDA) amended to allow for notification, which would keep the paperwork down to one piece of legislation that has to be complied with, and give the consumers the protection they need”. [Source] [Personal Information Protection and Identity Theft Prevention Act]

US – Is Your Phone Number All They Get?

Privacy advocates advise against revealing phone numbers when asked at the checkout line – this innocent question may not be innocent at all. Ponemon Institute founder Larry Ponemon offers that “some stores are thinking there’s money in your data.” EPIC’s Chris Hoofnagle agrees, “The various data companies are trying to acclimate people to invasions of privacy. It started with the zip code and now it’s moved on to phone numbers.” This article suggests that “phone numbers are used to organize much more than just who gets the best coupons, and that’s what worries the privacy experts.” [Source]

CA – U.S., Canadian Officials Target Spam Operations

U.S. and Canadian authorities took legal action against e-mail spammers who were using hijacked computers to conceal their identities, the Federal Trade Commission said this week. The FTC said 8 spam operators had been shut down or sued in a series of actions taken by the FTC, Canadian consumer protection officials and state attorneys general in Florida, North Carolina and Texas. Among the products being hawked in the e-mails were prescription drugs, mortgages and purported “fuel-saving” devices for automobiles, the FTC said. In the three cases brought by the FTC, the agency said it had charged spammers with violating federal law by sending spam with false information about the source of the message and misleading subject lines, and by failing to provide an “opt-out” option or a physical address. Two other cases were settled by Canada’s Competition Bureau, with the defendants agreeing to refrain from future violations and pay a penalty. The three state attorneys general filed complaints seeking to block three more spam operations, the FTC said. Those cases are still pending. [Source] [Source]

US – CAN-SPAM Act “Effective,” FTC Says in Report to Congress

About 70% of the world’s e-mail messages continue to be spam. But the number is leveling off, which FTC officials cited as evidence that a law enacted two years ago is working. The FTCs “Effectiveness and Enforcement of the CAN-SPAM Act“ 116-page report released this week cites their accomplishments over the past two years, identifies new challenges and advocates for broader international authority. Three measures to further improve the effectiveness of CAN-SPAM were highlighted: private-sector technology is essential to combat spam; supporting efforts to make it harder for spammers to hide their identity; and backing the U.S. Safe Web Act of 2005 bill to “enhance the agency’s ability to combat illegal spam sent from overseas.” [Source] [Source]

US – OMB Report on e-Gov Shows Mixed Progress on Technology Initiatives

In the past year, the federal government met major information technology milestones and saw increased use of e-government services by citizens, businesses and agencies, according to a report released this week by the Office of Management and Budget. Titled “Expanding E-Government: Improved Service Delivery for the American People Using Information Technology,” the report assessed progress in 2005 and set goals for the coming year. All 25 of the reviewed agencies had “effective” enterprise architectures, or systems designed to eliminate redundancies in business functions, processes and technologies, the report stated. OMB reported that 21 of the 25 agencies had acceptable business cases for IT systems projects, exceeding the 2005 goal of having passable cases at three-quarters of the agencies. The 2006 goal is to have acceptable business cases at 90%. [Source] [Source]

US – ABN Amro Eyes Electronic Data Transfers After Tape Loss Incident

ABN Amro Mortgage Group Inc. has decided it will no longer send data tapes to its credit reporting bureaus after one of those tapes – with the private information of more than 2 million customers on it – went missing a month ago. Instead, according to ABN Amro CEO, the company will encrypt data and send it over secure networks when possible. Otherwise, it will use special couriers in an effort to avoid another tape loss. Those changes were announced on the same day the company said it had located the missing tape containing sensitive data about residential mortgage customers, which was lost Nov. 18 while being transported by a delivery service to a credit reporting company. The tape was found yesterday, three days after the company began notifying customers that it had been lost. [Source]

US – Draft Recommendation for Random Number Generation

A draft NIST Special Publication (Draft SP 800-90, Recommendation for Random Number Generation Using Deterministic Random Bit Generators) is available for public comment. Comments should be submitted to Elaine Barker by Wednesday, February 1, 2006. Please place “Comments on SP 800-90” in the subject line. [Source] [Source]

EU – MEPs Approve Data Retention Directive

The European Parliament approved a draft Directive on data retention that will see ISPs and telcos retain phone and internet records for up to two years for use in investigation of criminal and terrorist offences. MEPs voted to adopt the Directive with 378 votes in favour, 197 against and 30 abstentions. The Directive sets out an EU-wide system of retaining communications data - data that identifies the caller, the time and the means of communication (e.g. subscriber details, billing data, e-mail logs, personal details of customers and records showing the location where mobile phone calls were made). It does not allow for the retention of the content of the communications, but will retain details of connected, but unanswered calls. The inclusion of these so-called “los” calls is controversial, and had been one of the sticking points between MEPs and Ministers. MEPs were concerned that telcos do not currently register such calls, because no bills are issued in respect of them, and it would be expensive for these firms to adapt their systems. The data will be retained for a minimum of six months and a maximum of 24, and will be made available to the police and judiciary in order to investigate terrorism and serious crime. The data retained will only be disclosed in specific cases and will be subject to strict data protection rules. Any abuse of the data will be subject to sanctions. [Source] See [Ireland to contest data retention law at EU Court] [Background]

UK – Study: Mobile Telecoms Providers Still Breaking Email Privacy Laws

According to a new report by data and direct marketing services company CDMS, a third of the UK’s top 200 companies (spanning thirteen main consumer business sectors – Banking, General Insurance, Credit Card, Building Societies, Publishing, Broadcasting, Retail, Fixed and Mobile Telecoms, FMCG, Mail Order, Utilities and Travel) are not complying with email marketing legislation that became effective in December 2003. This company’s director warned that companies not in compliance “do not care about privacy legislation.” [Source] [Source]

CA – MasterCard to Introduce New, High-Security Chip Cards

MasterCard Canada plans to introduce new chip-enabled payment cards, a technology that provides greater security to consumers who are falling victim to fraud scams. But Canadians will have to wait until 2010 for the new cards to arrive. The new cards contain a small microchip with memory, logic and a set of software applications that MasterCard said would change the way that consumers shop. Instead of signing a credit-card slip to verify payment, consumers will enter a four-digit personal identification number. That system is already widely used in Europe, Asia and some parts of Latin America. The cards will be introduced into Canada in 2010, and then into the United States. [Source]

US – Survey: Government Tightens Access to Information

Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests are being denied by the U.S. government at a higher rate even though the number of requests have declined. That’s the conclusion of a study conducted by the Coalition of Journalists For Open Government. Requests from journalists and the public to federal agencies dropped by 13% since 2000, while the use of exemptions to deny giving out information rose by 22% over the same period. The coalition’s study suggests government agencies are making greater use of exemptions since former Attorney General John Ashcroft issued a memo that created a change in perception toward the handling of FOIA requests. Michael Hettinger, staff director for the Subcommittee on Government Management, Finance and Accountability, acknowledged the Ashcroft memo signaled a sea change in how agencies viewed FOIA requests. A previous memo issued under the Clinton Administration and then-Attorney General Janet Reno supported a more responsive government. “There was a dramatic shift under the Bush administration, and it changed the way agencies viewed the requests,” Hettinger said. “Reno said disclose as much as possible, while Ashcroft said disclose as little as you can.” [Source]

US – Bush Orders Easier Access to Records

President Bush directed federal agencies this week to ease access to government records following years of criticism for withholding public information. Bush signed an executive order that attempts to create a “citizen-centered and results-orientated approach” to requests filed under the Freedom of Information Act, according to the order. The administration has come under fire from open government advocates and media organizations for failing to release public records requested under the law; removing documents from Web sites; and allowing requests for information to languish for years before rejecting them. The president’s order requires each federal agency to designate a senior public official-at least the level of assistant secretary – to preside over FOIA requests and come up with a plan to speed up the release of records and reduce chronic backlogs. In addition, Bush wants each federal agency to establish a FOIA Requester Service Center, a place where individuals can check on the status of their request. And the order creates a public liaison officer who has the authority to resolve disputes between the government and requesters to “ensure a service-oriented response.” [Source] [Source] [Source]

US – Stakeholders Band to Create Statewide Health Information Network

At the urging of Michigan Governor Jennifer Granholm and federal health officials, healthcare providers and purchasers, employers, health plans, patient advocacy groups, technology vendors, labor and government officials have joined together towards the goal of creating an interoperable Michigan Health Information Network in the state. [Source]

US – LaSalle Bank Hit with Security Breach

LaSalle Bank Corp. says a computer tape bearing confidential information on about 2 million residential mortgage customers disappeared last month as it was being transported to a consumer credit company in Texas. The Chicago bank has alerted law enforcement authorities and is also monitoring transactions closely to detect any unusual or fraudulent activity affecting its customers. The tape contained customers’ names, account numbers, payment histories and Social Security information. So far, there’s no sign any of this information has been misused, the bank says. [Source ]

US – Hackers Break Into Computer-Security Firm’s Customer Database

Guidance Software – a provider of software used to diagnose hacker break-ins – has itself been hacked, resulting in the exposure of financial and personal data connected to thousands of law enforcement officials and network-security professionals. Guidance alerted customers to the incident in a letter sent last week, saying it discovered on Dec. 7 that hackers had broken into a company database and made off with approximately 3,800 customer credit card numbers. The Pasadena, Calif.-based company said the incident occurred sometime in November and that it is working with the U.S. Secret Service on a more detailed investigation. [Source] [Source]

US – RSA Federated Identity Manager Win US Gov’t E-Authentication Contract

RSA this week announced that the U.S. Treasury Department Financial Management Service (FMS) and the U.S. Office of Personnel Management (OPM) have selected RSA® Federated Identity Manager solution to help meet requirements related to the federal government’s E-Authentication Initiative. The E-Authentication Initiative supports the President’s E-Government Management Agenda, and aims to provide a standardized process for establishing and using electronic identities, eliminating the need for each federal agency to develop a separate solution for verifying identities and electronic signatures. [Source]

US – RIAA Files File-Sharing Lawsuits Against 751 People

The Recording Industry Association of America said it had filed a new round of lawsuits against 751 as-yet-unnamed people who are accused of making copyright music available on file-trading networks. The suits are the latest in a campaign that has now targeted more than 17,000 people. [Source]

EU – BEUC in Defence of Consumer Rights Online

BEUC, the European consumers’ organization, has started a new campaign to combat overly restrictive digital rights management and terms of use with digital content. Said the organisation’s senior legal advisor: ‘We fear and we observe that consumer’s rights, which they do have in other areas, are more and more restricted in the digital environment’, naming digital rights management (DRM) technologies and usage restrictions for content bought as well on CDs as downloaded from online services as examples. [Source] [Consumer’s Digital Rights]

EU – Intellectual Property: Evaluation of EU Rules on Databases

The European Commission has published an evaluation of the protection EU law gives to databases. EU law protects databases by copyright if they are sufficiently creative. Other databases may benefit from a new form of protection introduced by the 1996 Database Directive, known as the ‘sui generis’ database right. Stakeholders are invited to comment on the evaluation by 12 March 2006. [Source] [Evaluation]

WW – OECD: Scoping Study for Measurement of Trust in the Online Environment

A fundamental element in enabling the benefits ICT can bring to economic and social development is the confidence users have in platforms, applications and services. Creating an online environment which builds trust amongst the users of ICT networks is an increasing priority for business, industry and governments. The aim of this report is to undertake a review of the data available from official, semi-official and private sources which can assist in informing developments and progress in this area. There is a need to be able to use relevant data to assess the effectiveness of public and private initiatives aimed at building trust among users. OECD governments have agreed on a number of initiatives aimed at building a culture of trust and security. At the international level, examples include the OECD’s Security Guidelines, OECD Policy and Practical Guidance for Online Privacy and the OECD Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce. The private sector has also been active. Numerous initiatives have been put into place from partnerships such as the Anti-Phishing Working Group through to the implementation of tools that aim to build trust directly with users such as privacy statements, trust marks and secure servers. [Source]

AU – Anxiety Mounts Over Scope of New Police Laws

New laws giving police increased powers to handle riots have gone too far, create the potential for abuse and intrude into privacy, the NSW Council for Civil Liberties says. The council’s vice-president, Pauline Wright, said one of the most disturbing features of last week’s legislation was that police themselves could declare an emergency situation and give themselves the additional powers. “In other situations like a state of emergency, it is for the minister or Parliament itself to make the decision, which then gives power to state agencies to do things that are extraordinary,” she said. [Source]

US – Anti-Offshoring Efforts on the Rise

As a response to increasing outsourcing and offshoring, Rescue American Jobs states their mission is to build the “largest American workforce mobilization in history.” This year, almost all 50 states introduced strong legislative bills designed to severely limit offshoring. Most of the bills that have become law seem to lack teeth and in some cases have had negative consequences. Statistically, Forrester Research forecasts the number of outsourced US jobs to reach 3.3 million by 2015; which could translate to 250,000 layoffs according to the Brookings Institution. At the federal level, the National Foundation for American Policy expects legislators to turn to data privacy and identity theft issues to curtail the export of call centers and other jobs. [Source]

UK – eBay Blames Users for Online Fraud

The online auctioneer eBay has admitted an ‘extreme growth’ in the number of personal accounts being hijacked by fraudsters. Criminals are obtaining the secret passwords of eBay subscribers and using their sites to conduct bogus auctions for non-existent goods. The hijacking of sellers’ accounts is a particularly sensitive issue for the auction site, which relies to a large degree on the level of trust between the buyer and seller of goods for its success. eBay blames its account holders for not installing proper security on their home computers and for replying to so-called “phishing” emails. Viruses are also said to be infecting home computers by installing themselves inside hard drives, where they monitor the keystrokes of eBay users, make a record of passwords before sending them onto the fraudsters. [Source]

UK – Consultation on Secure Record of Electors Held Centrally

A secure centrally held record of electors is the subject of a consultation launched this week. The Department for Constitutional Affairs is seeking views on its proposals to establish a Co-ordinated Online Record of Electors (CORE). CORE will allow national access to local electoral registration data. Electoral registers are maintained locally by the 390 electoral registration officers across the UK. Consequently major users of the data have to approach each electoral registration officer separately, and comparison of separate registers to help improve the quality of each is practically impossible. CORE is proposed as part of the Electoral Administration Bill that is currently going through Parliament. Elections Minister Harriet Harman said: “CORE forms an important part of our plans to strengthen the register and improve elections, making sure as many people as possible are registered to vote where they are entitled to be, and not where they are not. “By having a consolidated central record we can help ensure greater consistency and capture best practice. It will make it possible for members of the public to check online information held on them by electoral registration officers and to request changes to that information as necessary - all via a single point of access. [Source]

US – EPIC FOIA Documents Reveal DHS Knew of High-Tech Passport Flaws

According to documents obtained by EPIC under the Freedom of Information Act, the Department of Homeland Security has found significant problems with new hi-tech passports. Tests conducted last year revealed that “contactless” passports embedded with RFID technology create difficulties for border inspectors. EPIC previously has highlighted flaws in the E-Passport and, in light of these FOIA documents, submitted comments urging the abandonment of the use of RFID technology in E-Passports. [December 2005 Comments About Hi-Tech Passports] [Documents About Hi-Tech Passports Obtained by EPIC Under FOIA] [April 2005 Comments About E-Passport Proposal]

WW – Gartner Study: RFID to Top $3 Billion by 2010

Resistance to RFID tagging falls as companies learn how to balance the technology with current bar coding practices. In a new report, “RFID Enables Sensory Network Strategies to Transform Industries,” Gartner analysts argue that managers should stop thinking of RFID tags as a replacement for bar codes, but rather the two technologies should be seen as coexisting. In other words, the right data collection technology should be matched to the right situation. Said Jeff Woods of Gartner. “Businesses are beginning to discover business value in places where they cannot use bar coding, which will be the force that moves RFID forward.” He continued: “Contrary to the notion that companies will need to ‘integrate’ RFID data into established transactional applications, companies will likely need to develop new business applications if they want to put RFID at the center of a process.” Although industries can learn from each other, industry-specific development is expected to set the pace for adoption. Gartner lists the industries with the greatest opportunities to use RFID as retail and aerospace and defense, while the industries that will adopt it the fastest are healthcare, logistics and pharmaceutical. [Source] [Source]

US – Cybercrime Treaty Before Senate

The Council of Europe’s Convention on Cybercrime is still pending before the full U.S. Senate, which must ratify the treaty before it takes effect in the U.S. After the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations rapidly approved the treaty in November, a “hold” was placed on it, to prevent an immediate and unannounced vote on the plenary floor of the Senate. The Committee had organized a hearing in June 2004 to discuss the ratification of the treaty, but it was held without substantive debate, and only included supporters representing government agencies. In public letters to the Committee on Foreign Relations, EPIC has twice urged the Senate to oppose ratification of the Cybercrime Convention, citing the sweeping expansion of law enforcement authority, the threat to core United States civil liberties interests, and the lack of adequate safeguards for privacy. [Source] [Source] [Source]

AU – Smartcard Framework Feedback Sought

Special Minister of State, Senator Eric Abetz, announced that the Australian Government is seeking feedback on the draft Australian Government Smartcard Framework. “In October this year I announced that the Government had commenced development of a Smartcard Framework. We have now reached the point when a comprehensive consultation process should be undertaken to ensure the views of stakeholders are taken into account” Minister Abetz said. “The smartcard framework is about assisting government agencies to better harness the technologies that will enable better service delivery to citizens. Smartcard technology is an enabler, not a solution in itself. It will help agencies and Australian citizens interact in a more streamlined and efficient way” said Minister Abetz. “Most importantly, what we want is consistency across government agencies in their work with smartcard technology” [Source]

US – Bush “SnoopGate” Eavesdropping Controversy Deepens

The U.S. Congress’ authorization of military force after the September 11, 2001, attacks also gave President George W. Bush the right to eavesdrop on people in the United States, U.S. Attorney General Alberto Gonzales said on Monday. “Our position is that authorization to use force, which was passed by the Congress in the days following September 11, constitutes that other authorization ... to engage in this kind of signals intelligence,” Gonzales said. But he conceded: “One might argue, now wait a minute, there’s nothing in the authorization to use force that specifically mentions electronic surveillance.” He denied it was “a backdoor approach,” saying: “We believe Congress has authorized this kind of surveillance. “In response to a barrage of criticism, President Bush said this week he did not break the law when he authorized spying on Americans suspected of ties to terrorism. [Source] [Source] [Source] [Source] [Source] [Source] [Source] [Source] [Source] [Source] [Source] [Source] [Source] [Source] [Source]

U.S. – FBI Targeting Rights Groups Activities as ‘Domestic Terrorism’

According to new documents released by the ACLU, the FBI is using counterterrorism resources to monitor and infiltrate domestic political organizations that criticize business interests and government policies, despite a lack of evidence that the groups are engaging in or supporting violent action. The ACLU said that the documents released today on Greenpeace, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals and the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee show the FBI expanding the definition of “domestic terrorism” to include citizens and groups that participate in lawful protests or civil disobedience. “The FBI should use its resources to investigate credible threats to national security instead of spending time tracking Americans who criticize government policy, or monitoring groups that have not broken the law,” said the ACLU. “Labeling law abiding groups and their members ‘domestic terrorists’ is not only irresponsible, it has a chilling effect on the vibrant tradition of political dissent in this country.” [Source]

CA – Canadian Regulator Orders Number Portability by 2007

The Canadian Radiotelevision and Telecommunications Commission has ordered Canada's wireless providers to implement wireless number portability by March 2007. The decision cuts six months off the time frame proposed by the carriers. [Source]

US – Florida Seeks Huge Fines for DO NOT CALL Violations

Florida Agriculture and Consumer Services Commissioner Charles Bronson’s has taken legal action against a Brevard Country telemarketer for Do Not Call violations alleging that the company’s calls continued despite numerous written warnings. [Source]

US – FTC Says Federal Spam Law Has Worked

About 70% of the world’s e-mail messages continue to be spam. But the number is leveling off, which federal officials this week cited as evidence that a law enacted two years ago is working. [Source] [Source]

US – 30,000 Travelers Improperly Matched to Terrorist Watch Lists

At least 30,000 air passengers have been improperly matched to names on federal watch lists since last November, according to Jim Kennedy, head of the Transportation Security Administration redress office. Each of the 30,000 individuals submitted personal information and identification documents to the agency in hopes of resolving their misidentification problems, and were issued letters to help them clear security more quickly. A few dozen more people were unable to benefit from this redress process. Kennedy provided the information at a meeting of the Department of Homeland Security’s Data Privacy and Integrity Advisory Committee in Washington last week. In related news, a Swedish newspaper cited European airline sources as saying that 80,000 names were on the watch list provided by the U.S. government to airlines for passenger screening. [DHS Data Privacy and Integrity Advisory Committee]

US – House Immigration Bill Includes National ID Plans

The House Judiciary Committee has approved immigration reform bill, sponsored by REAL ID Act architect Rep. James Sensenbrenner, which would require a study on creating a machine-readable Social Security card and a Homeland Security database containing information on the employment eligibility of all citizens and non-citizens. EPIC testified earlier this year against the far-reaching plans. EPIC said that the machine-readable card would become a de facto identification card if, as the bill suggests, employers were forced to use the machine-readable SSN card for employment verification. The SSN was never intended to be a national identifier, and should not be used as such, EPIC said. [H.R. 4437: Border Protection, Antiterrorism, and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005] [H.R. 98: The Illegal Immigration Enforcement and Social Security Protection Act of 2005] [EPIC’s National ID and REAL ID Act page]

US – Senate Votes to Extend Patriot Act by Six-Months

With time running short on Capitol Hill, the Senate breathed new life this week into the moribund USA Patriot Act, agreeing to extend it by six months. President Bush said he appreciated the move, but it was unclear if the House would approve it. [Source] Volatile issues that pit anti-terrorism against civil liberties protections contributed to a Senate rejection to renew the USA Patriot Act which expires on December 31. Among the provisions scheduled to expire were those permitting “roving wiretaps” of suspects, FBI access to business and library records of suspects, and the pursuit of “lone wolf” suspects with no known ties to foreign powers or agents. [Source] [Source] [Patriot provisions set to expire] [Source]

US – Proposed ID Theft Bill Requires Strong Notification Measures

Under the Personal Data Privacy and Security Act of 2005 (a.k.a. the Specter-Leahy bill), companies will be required to implement technology and policies to enhance their privacy protection systems and provide written notification if data is breached. Additionally, they will have to assess and refine their technology within one year of the law’s passing. This bill is still under review by Congress. [Source]

US – Senate Panel Approves Bill Expanding FTC Powers Online

The Federal Trade Commission would gain expanded policing powers and could share information about spammers and other miscreants with foreign governments under a bill approved by a U.S. Senate panel. Called the Undertaking Spam, Spyware, and Fraud Enforcement with Enforcers Beyond Borders Act of 2005, the proposal is nearly identical to legislation pushed by the FTC itself two years ago that drew concerns from civil liberties groups and was never enacted. [Source]

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